Steel forgings (EU): cost structure and price drivers
Materials 69%, labour 21%, energy 2% of the cost.
Cost structure
NACE2 C25.50 · Data 2026-09
| Element | Share | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Materials | 69% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, EU27) |
| Labour | 21% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, EU27) |
| Energy | 2% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, EU27) |
| Other | 8% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, EU27) |
What each driver did
| Driver | Share | Series | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| electricity | 2% | Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) (ESELECIDEU27) | — | −5.9% | — |
| labour costs | 21% | Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) · Manufacturing (ESLCICEU27) | — | +2.4% | — |
| producer prices (overhead and margin) | 8% | Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255EU27) | +0.6% | +2.2% | +1.2% |
What increase is justified today
| Price set | Justified today | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6 months ago | Can't tell: the index data doesn't reach back to 2026-03 for most of this item's cost; give a later old price date | — |
| 12 months ago | Can't tell: the index data doesn't reach back to 2025-09 for most of this item's cost; give a later old price date | — |
| 24 months ago | Can't tell: the index data doesn't reach back to 2024-09 for most of this item's cost; give a later old price date | — |
What producers charged
| Producer price index | Latest | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255EU27, Index, 2021=100) | 115.7 (2026-09) | +0.6% | +2.2% | +1.2% |
Sources
- Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, EU27)
- Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) (ESELECIDEU27, eurostat)
- Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) · Manufacturing (ESLCICEU27, eurostat)
- Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255EU27, eurostat)
Materials 64%, labour 26%, energy 3% of the cost. A price set 12 months ago justifies about +5.8% today (+3.4% to +8.2%).
Cost structure
NACE2 C25.50 · Data 2026-09
| Element | Share | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Materials | 64% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, DE) |
| Labour | 26% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, DE) |
| Energy | 3% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, DE) |
| Other | 7% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, DE) |
What each driver did
| Driver | Share | Series | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| steel | 64% | Pig iron, steel and ferroalloys (DESTATIS:GP19-241) | +2.6% | +8.4% | +2.0% |
| electricity | 3% | Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Germany (ESELECIDDE) | — | −8.6% | — |
| labour costs | 26% | Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Germany · Manufacturing (ESLCICDE) | — | +1.9% | — |
| producer prices (overhead and margin) | 7% | Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Germany · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255DE) | +0.9% | +1.9% | +1.7% |
What increase is justified today
| Price set | Justified today | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6 months ago | +4.0% | +2.4% to +5.6% |
| 12 months ago | +5.8% | +3.4% to +8.2% |
| 24 months ago | +1.4% | −0.6% to +3.4% |
What producers charged
| Producer price index | Latest | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Germany · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255DE, Index, 2021=100) | 120.7 (2026-09) | +0.9% | +1.9% | +1.7% |
Sources
- Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, DE)
- Pig iron, steel and ferroalloys (DESTATIS:GP19-241, destatis)
- Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Germany (ESELECIDDE, eurostat)
- Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Germany · Manufacturing (ESLCICDE, eurostat)
- Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Germany · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255DE, eurostat)
Materials 65%, labour 23%, energy 2% of the cost. A price set 12 months ago justifies about +7.6% today (+4.8% to +10.5%).
Cost structure
NACE2 C25.50 · Data 2026-09
| Element | Share | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Materials | 65% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, AT) |
| Labour | 23% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, AT) |
| Energy | 2% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, AT) |
| Other | 10% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, AT) |
What each driver did
| Driver | Share | Series | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| steel | 65% | Iron and steel (wholesale prices Austria) (Statistik Austria:467213) | −0.6% | +10.6% | +11.8% |
| electricity | 2% | Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Austria (ESELECIDAT) | — | −2.8% | — |
| labour costs | 23% | Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Austria · Manufacturing (ESLCICAT) | — | +1.7% | — |
| producer prices (overhead and margin) | 10% | Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Austria · Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (ESPPIC25AT) | +1.3% | +3.7% | +3.9% |
What increase is justified today
| Price set | Justified today | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6 months ago | +2.7% | +1.7% to +3.7% |
| 12 months ago | +7.6% | +4.8% to +10.5% |
| 24 months ago | +8.1% | +3.7% to +12.5% |
What producers charged
| Producer price index | Latest | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Austria · Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (ESPPIC25AT, Index, 2021=100) | 119.5 (2026-09) | +1.3% | +3.7% | +3.9% |
Sources
- Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, AT)
- Iron and steel (wholesale prices Austria) (Statistik Austria:467213, statistik_austria)
- Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Austria (ESELECIDAT, eurostat)
- Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Austria · Manufacturing (ESLCICAT, eurostat)
- Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Austria · Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (ESPPIC25AT, eurostat)
Materials 68%, labour 21%, energy 1% of the cost. A price set 12 months ago justifies about +2.3% today (+1.5% to +3.2%).
Cost structure
NACE2 C25.50 · Data 2026-09
| Element | Share | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Materials | 68% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, NL) |
| Labour | 21% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, NL) |
| Energy | 1% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, NL) |
| Other | 9% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, NL) |
What each driver did
| Driver | Share | Series | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| steel | 68% | 241 (producer prices Netherlands) (CBS:241) | +1.8% | +2.7% | −3.7% |
| electricity | 1% | Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Netherlands (ESELECIDNL) | — | −5.2% | — |
| labour costs | 21% | Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Netherlands · Manufacturing (ESLCICNL) | — | +2.1% | — |
| producer prices (overhead and margin) | 9% | Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Netherlands · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255NL) | +1.1% | +1.3% | +2.6% |
What increase is justified today
| Price set | Justified today | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6 months ago | +4.0% | +1.4% to +6.6% |
| 12 months ago | +2.3% | +1.5% to +3.2% |
| 24 months ago | −2.3% | −4.4% to −0.1% |
What producers charged
| Producer price index | Latest | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Netherlands · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255NL, Index, 2021=100) | 112.7 (2026-09) | +1.1% | +1.3% | +2.6% |
Sources
- Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, NL)
- 241 (producer prices Netherlands) (CBS:241, cbs)
- Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Netherlands (ESELECIDNL, eurostat)
- Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Netherlands · Manufacturing (ESLCICNL, eurostat)
- Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Netherlands · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255NL, eurostat)
Materials 73%, labour 16%, energy 1% of the cost. A price set 12 months ago justifies about +8.9% today (+5.5% to +12.3%).
Cost structure
NACE2 C25.50 · Data 2026-09
| Element | Share | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Materials | 73% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, IT) |
| Labour | 16% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, IT) |
| Energy | 1% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, IT) |
| Other | 10% | Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, IT) |
What each driver did
| Driver | Share | Series | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| steel | 73% | Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys (producer prices Italy) (Eurostat:IT-C241) | +1.9% | +11.2% | +6.8% |
| electricity | 1% | Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Italy (ESELECIDIT) | — | −2.4% | — |
| labour costs | 16% | Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Italy · Manufacturing (ESLCICIT) | — | +1.8% | — |
| producer prices (overhead and margin) | 10% | Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Italy · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255IT) | −0.4% | +3.7% | +3.1% |
What increase is justified today
| Price set | Justified today | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6 months ago | +4.5% | +2.7% to +6.3% |
| 12 months ago | +8.9% | +5.5% to +12.3% |
| 24 months ago | +5.3% | +2.4% to +8.1% |
What producers charged
| Producer price index | Latest | 3 months | 12 months | 24 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Italy · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255IT, Index, 2021=100) | 114.4 (2026-09) | −0.4% | +3.7% | +3.1% |
Sources
- Eurostat structural business statistics 2024 (NACE C25.50, IT)
- Manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys (producer prices Italy) (Eurostat:IT-C241, eurostat)
- Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data · Electricity · Consumption from 2 000 MWh to 19 999 MWh - band ID · Kilowatt-hour · Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies · Euro · Italy (ESELECIDIT, eurostat)
- Labour cost index by NACE Rev. 2 activity - nominal value, quarterly data · Calendar adjusted data, not seasonally adjusted data · Index, 2020=100 · Labour cost for LCI (compensation of employees plus taxes minus subsidies) · Italy · Manufacturing (ESLCICIT, eurostat)
- Producer prices in industry, total - monthly data · Producer prices · Unadjusted data (i.e. neither seasonally adjusted nor calendar adjusted data) · Index, 2021=100 · Italy · Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming of metal; powder metallurgy (ESPPIC255IT, eurostat)
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Method
The cost structure splits what producers in this industry spend into materials, labour, energy and the rest, from public statistics where they exist and labelled as an estimate where they don't. Each driver is a public index. A justified increase is each share times its driver's move since the old price, summed, with a range for how sure the shares are. The producer price index shows what producers actually charged over the same time.